Facet

Facet is an experimental Crystal language frontend written in Crystal. Version 0.2.0 includes a standalone lexer, tolerant parser, compact arena-backed AST, diagnostics, macro expansion, an incremental query cache, and the first compiler-grade semantic query slice.

Facet is not a drop-in replacement for the Crystal compiler yet. It currently targets parser tooling, editor integrations, and the frontend foundation needed for complete type checking and future compilation stages.

Current capabilities

• Crystal lexer with byte-accurate source spans and stdlib coverage tests.
• Parser for the broad Crystal syntax surface, including types, FFI, annotations, macros, blocks, calls, literals, assignments, and control flow.
• Error nodes and diagnostics so tooling can keep working on incomplete source.
• Compact AstArena representation with interned symbols and source-backed text.
• Multi-file macro indexing and partial macro expansion with origin tracking, lexical environments, control flow, and hygienic macro variables.
• SourceManager and QueryDb caching for parse, syntax, index, and expansion queries with automatic revision-based invalidation.
• SemanticDb with revision-safe node references, canonical semantic types, require-aware reachable source graphs, declaration/name binding, basic body inference, overload lookup, receiver-generic and method-level forall substitution, call-site parameter specialization, scoped constant binding and inference, enum-member typing, branch-sensitive truthiness/is_a? narrowing, short-circuit flow, conditional binding merges, explicit-return collection, and strict/tolerant snapshots. Constants resolve across lexical scopes, methods, inheritance, includes, absolute paths, and forall metaclass paths. Undefined constants, constant cycles, constant-local leakage, and constants used as types have coded diagnostics; unknown facts suppress unsafe diagnostics.
• SyntaxTree / SyntaxNode named declaration, callee/receiver/argument, parameter type/default, body, control-flow condition, traversal, cursor lookup, documentation, and UTF-16 position queries for editor and compiler consumers.
• Compatibility checks against the actual upstream Crystal 1.21 lexer/parser spec inputs. Facet currently matches Crystal::Parser acceptance/rejection on all 4,378 unique parser inputs. Every accepted input must retain each significant token in a reachable semantic AST node and pass the native AST schema for child roles, arity, payloads, flags, spans, and graph integrity. All 3,437 accepted inputs also match a committed common semantic projection covering construct shape, names, operators, child order, and semantic flags. The lexer fully consumes all 690 unique inputs without unknown tokens or non-trivia gaps. Lexer diagnostic presence also matches on all 687 inputs whose upstream state can be reconstructed from source text alone.
• A committed Crystal 1.21 parser fixture makes all 4,378 upstream parser inputs permanent native Facet specs. It also retains the upstream AST inspect oracle for accepted inputs and the exact message/location oracle for rejected inputs so deeper parity can be tightened without another Crystal checkout.
• A clean parser baseline across all 1,625 files in the Crystal 1.21 standard-library source tree.
• A committed Crystal 1.21 macro contract corpus. Facet matches exact expansion, expected diagnostic, and output-effect contracts for all 1,042/1,042 cases executed by the official evaluator specs; all 371 statically self-contained contracts remain exact. The runtime gate includes all 25 official assert_macro_error calls and four nested parse_type failures. Environment, flags, captured command output, and 106 structured TypeNode snapshots are explicit expansion inputs, and Facet does not execute arbitrary shell commands. A second committed corpus runs all 147 expansion events emitted by the 133 official semantic macro examples; all 147/147 match exact text or equivalent Facet semantic AST. A broader gate captures the complete official semantic suite and matches all 2,736/2,736 distinct flag- and type-context-sensitive macro expansions. The gate includes all 1,077 macro-call events and all 1,659 inline expansions, compares literal payloads as well as semantic AST shape, and removes no unsupported case. See macro parity.

The semantic parity corpus captures 582 contracts from 449 official Crystal 1.21 semantic examples across nine suites. Facet currently supports 475 exactly and keeps all 107 remaining contracts in an explicit deferred manifest. Every captured type, error, and no-error contract is classified. See semantic parity.

Not implemented yet: complete compiler semantics and type checking, the full Crystal require/macro fixed point, lowering, code generation, and binary production. APIs may change while those layers are extended.

Installation

Add Facet to shard.yml:

dependencies:
  facet:
    github: mikeoz32/facet

Then install dependencies:

shards install

Facet requires Crystal 1.18.2 or newer.

Parsing source

require "facet/compiler"

source = Facet::Compiler::Source.new("class Greeter; end", "greeter.cr")
parser = Facet::Compiler::Parser.new(source)
ast = parser.parse_file

parser.diagnostics.each do |diagnostic|
  puts "#{diagnostic.message} at #{diagnostic.span.start}"
end

root = ast.node(ast.root)
puts root.kind

AstFile owns the source, root node ID, arena, and diagnostics. Nodes refer to children by integer IDs; use AstFile#node, AstFile#children, and AstFile#node_string to inspect them.

Literal nodes retain their outer syntax span and, when the value occupies a different source range, a separate payload-backed content span. Use AstFile#literal_content_span, AstFile#literal_content, or AstFile#literal_content_string to inspect the raw source-backed body. Use AstFile#decoded_literal_string for its Crystal value. Literal payloads retain the spelling style because "\n", %q(\n), and %w(\n) share similar source bytes but obey different escape rules. The decoder also handles character and quoted-symbol escapes, regex delimiters, heredoc indentation, and imported literal payloads inside #{...}. Distinct content spans remain necessary for multiple heredocs declared on one header line, whose outer syntax spans overlap while their bodies remain separate.

Facet::Compiler::AstIntegrity.contract_violations(ast) validates Facet's native AST contract. It traverses only nodes reachable from the root: arena nodes left behind by parser speculation cannot satisfy semantic-token ownership or affect the meaning of the returned tree. Immutable child nodes may be shared, so the reachable representation is a DAG, but cycles are rejected.

Syntax queries

manager = Facet::Compiler::SourceManager.new
file_id = manager.add("class Greeter; def hello(name : String); end; end", "greeter.cr")
queries = Facet::Compiler::QueryDb.new(manager)
tree = queries.syntax(file_id)

method = tree.nodes(Facet::Compiler::NodeKind::Def).first
puts method.name                         # hello
puts method.parameters.first.name       # name
puts method.parameters.first.declared_type.try(&.text) # String
puts tree.node_at(method.span.start)     # smallest node at the cursor
puts tree.position_at(method.span.start) # zero-based UTF-16 editor position

The compact arena remains Facet's native AST. SyntaxTree is an indexed query facade over it, not a compatibility copy of Crystal's AST. It centralizes child roles, parent/ancestor traversal, qualified names, name spans, contiguous doc comments, control-flow conditions, byte-offset cursor lookup, and UTF-8/UTF-16 conversion so downstream tools do not depend on arena layout details. Call queries expose callee, call_name, receiver, positional and named arguments; they preserve the same roles through parenthesized and bare block calls. Parameter queries expose internal/external names, exact name spans, declared types, and default values across regular, splat, double-splat, and block params.

Semantic queries

manager = Facet::Compiler::SourceManager.new
main = manager.add(%(require "./user"\nUser.new.missing), "/project/main.cr")
manager.add("class User; end", "/project/user.cr")

queries = Facet::Compiler::QueryDb.new(manager)
resolver = Facet::Compiler::RegisteredSourceResolver.new(["/project"], nil)
semantics = Facet::Compiler::SemanticDb.new(queries, resolver)
snapshot = semantics.analyze([main], Facet::Compiler::SemanticMode::Tolerant)

snapshot.diagnostics_for(main).each do |diagnostic|
  puts "#{diagnostic.code}: #{diagnostic.message}"
end

NodeRef combines FileId, arena NodeId, and source revision; a stale handle does not resolve through its old snapshot. TypeStore interns nominal, metaclass, generic, union, tuple, proc, unknown, and error types behind cheap TypeId handles. Tolerant snapshots retain partial facts for editors, while strict snapshots additionally expose whether error-free compilation can continue.

RegisteredSourceResolver applies relative, rooted, glob, directory, and implicit prelude resolution only to sources registered by the host. A snapshot indexes the transitive reachable graph rather than treating every workspace file as visible. Macro-generated declarations from entry files participate in method lookup; incomplete parsing, requires, macro expansion, and receiver types remain explicit completeness reasons. Semantic diagnostics distinguish conclusive closed-world results from provisional findings that editor clients can retain as shadow telemetry without publishing.

Incremental queries

manager = Facet::Compiler::SourceManager.new
file_id = manager.add("macro answer; 42; end", "macros.cr")
queries = Facet::Compiler::QueryDb.new(manager)

parsed = queries.parse(file_id)
expanded = queries.expand(file_id)

queries.update(file_id, "macro answer; 43; end")
updated = queries.expand(file_id)

QueryDb is the incremental frontend database. It caches parse, macro-index, global-index, and expansion queries by monotonic source revisions. Updates made through either QueryDb or SourceManager are observed automatically; manual invalidation is only needed when a consumer deliberately wants to discard a cached result without changing source bytes.

Expansion dependencies are footprint-based. Changing an unrelated file does not re-expand a cached file, while changing a macro provider invalidates every expansion that used that macro. QueryDb#stats exposes execution and cache-hit counters for tests and editor telemetry. upsert keeps stable file IDs for named documents, and apply_edit accepts the same byte spans used throughout the lexer, parser, and AST. pending_expansion_file_ids exposes the exact files whose cached expansion became stale so incremental semantic consumers can reindex them without rebuilding the workspace.

These query and semantic caches are process-local today: restarting a consumer rebuilds them from source. A future persistent cache must be content-addressed and versioned by the cache schema, Facet/Crystal versions, target options, and compiler-context fingerprint. Runtime FileId, NodeId, and TypeId values must be rebound when loading it rather than serialized as stable identities.

QueryDb#expand(file_id, context) accepts the explicit MacroExpansionContext used by target flags, environment values, captured commands, and semantic snapshots. Its fingerprint is part of the expansion cache key, so changing compiler context cannot reuse stale generated syntax.

Type-aware expansions additionally depend on the workspace declaration revision. This conservatively invalidates only materialized consumers that used type introspection when a declaration may have changed, while ordinary macro consumers retain exact macro-name/required-file invalidation.

Macro expansion scope

MacroExpander resolves indexed macro definitions across files and binds positional, named, default, splat, and double-splat arguments. It evaluates Crystal truthiness (only false and nil are falsey), if/unless, for, begin, ordinary non-output {% ... %} expressions, assignments, ranges, tuples, named tuples, arrays, hashes, indexing, and common collection/string methods, including id, stringify, and symbolize. Loop variables have iteration scope while other macro assignments remain visible to following iterations and expressions. Arguments outside the evaluable subset are kept as opaque source-backed AST values, so calls, generic types, and other syntax are substituted by {{arg}} instead of being discarded.

Literal and computed macro strings, symbols, identifiers, and opaque syntax retain separate source rendering and scalar values. Direct interpolation keeps Crystal syntax ("value", :value, or an unquoted id), while basic is_a?, responds_to?, and nil? predicates can branch on supported macro AST values without erasing their node role.

Collection expressions support lexical map, map_with_index, select, reject, any?, all?, each, and each_with_index blocks over evaluated arrays, tuples, hashes, named tuples, ranges, and strings. The evaluator preserves the distinct Crystal macro AST roles of arrays, tuples, hashes, named tuples, ranges, strings, chars, symbols, regexes, and typed numeric literals. It supports exact rendering, indexing/slicing, mutation, collection transforms, numeric operations and kind preservation, common string/regex operations, and block reductions. Block parameters stay local while assignments to outer macro variables propagate between iterations.

Both {{ macro_call(...) }} and ordinary receiverless Crystal macro calls are expanded. Ordinary calls resolve through lexical type scopes, select overloads by arity, and support bare zero-argument calls while respecting parameters and previous local assignments that shadow the macro name. Calls with an explicit receiver remain runtime calls. User macro blocks are source-backed values: {{yield}}, yielded arguments, {{block.body}}, and block.args preserve caller syntax. @caller exposes the structured call AST, and the block body, parameters, and caller participate in expansion cache keys. Bare skip_file stops the active file expansion explicitly.

The standard getter, setter, and property families (including class, query, bang, typed, and block forms) plus record have Facet-native lowering. They therefore work without loading the stdlib macro templates and expand across the same cached multi-pass pipeline as user macros.

The first type-aware macro surface is backed by ProgramIndex, not Crystal's AST. @type, resolve/resolve?, methods, instance_vars, constants, superclass, and ancestors expose Facet-native macro values. Method metadata includes names, arguments, return types, bodies, and source; instance-variable metadata includes names, declared types, defaults, and default presence. Type kind predicates and explicit superclass comparisons with < are supported. Types, methods, instance variables, and arguments expose annotation and annotations; annotation values support names, positional/named indexing, args, and named_args. Collection results can be mapped, filtered, sorted, reversed, deduplicated, compacted, and joined in the regular evaluator.

%name and %name{key} nodes produce stable hygienic identifiers within one expansion and distinct identifiers across keys and invocations. Expansions that use %name or gensym bypass the text cache so cached output cannot reintroduce identifier collisions.

This remains a partial macro interpreter, not Crystal's complete compiler macro engine. The executed runtime slice is at 1,042/1,042 and the earlier statically self-contained slice remains at 371/371. The static inventory still excludes 602 context-dependent or dynamically constructed assertions, while runtime capture resolves those executions into explicit arguments, type-state snapshots, output effects, and exact expected errors. All 25 assert_macro_error calls in the official evaluator suites are covered. Across the 133 semantic examples, Facet runs all 147 captured expansion events and matches 147/147; generic/free-variable bindings, type-member snapshots, compile-time constants, resolved paths, and exact path errors are explicit inputs. Unsupported non-output control expressions produce an explicit expansion diagnostic. The complete 3,288-example semantic suite additionally produces 2,736 unique expansion contexts after exact-context deduplication; Facet matches all 2,736/2,736, with every captured event retained in the committed gate.

Architecture

• Source / SourceManager: source text, versions, fingerprints, and virtual origins.
• Lexer / TokenStream: tokenization and parser lookahead.
• Parser: tolerant syntax parsing and validation diagnostics.
• AstArena / AstFile: compact syntax storage and source spans.
• SyntaxTree / SyntaxNode / LineIndex: stable consumer queries and editor positions.
• ProgramIndex: indexes macros plus type/member metadata used by type-aware expansion.
• MacroExpander / Hygiene: partial compile-time expansion support.
• QueryDb: revisioned parse/syntax/index/expansion queries and footprint invalidation.
• RequireGraph / RegisteredSourceResolver: transitive visibility over registered project, dependency, and stdlib sources.
• SemanticDb / SemanticSnapshot / TypeStore: declarations, binding, inference, method candidates, and coded semantic diagnostics.

cr-analyzer integration

cr-analyzer uses Facet 0.2.0 for its incremental syntax database, diagnostics, cursor queries, symbols, and the primary editor semantic index. Crystal::Parser remains a measured fallback while macro-generated declarations and the remaining unsupported inference shapes move to Facet.

Development

crystal spec
crystal spec spec/parser_spec.cr
crystal spec spec/parser/ast_contract_spec.cr
crystal run scripts/bench_lexer.cr
crystal run scripts/bench_incremental_queries.cr -- 1000
crystal run scripts/check_parser_compat.cr
crystal run scripts/check_upstream_ast_shape.cr
crystal run scripts/check_percent_literal_parity.cr
crystal run scripts/check_literal_value_parity.cr
crystal run scripts/check_number_literal_parity.cr
crystal run scripts/check_regex_literal_parity.cr
crystal run scripts/check_heredoc_literal_parity.cr
crystal run scripts/check_symbol_literal_parity.cr
crystal run scripts/check_operator_parity.cr
crystal run scripts/check_type_syntax_parity.cr
crystal run scripts/check_collection_literal_parity.cr
crystal run scripts/check_call_syntax_parity.cr
crystal run scripts/check_upstream_semantic_parity.cr
crystal spec spec/upstream_semantic_corpus_spec.cr

The percent-literal matrix adds 1,060 generated cases across every ASCII letter prefix, five delimiter forms, and representative raw/interpolated bodies. It currently has zero acceptance mismatches with Crystal::Parser and prevents unsupported prefixes from being silently treated as Facet-only literals. The literal-value oracle directly compares 21 decoded strings, chars, symbols, regexes, and heredocs with Crystal::Parser, plus all 30 supported and rejected character-escape forms. Both matrices currently report zero mismatches. The numeric cross-product adds 968 cases covering binary/octal/hex/decimal cores, underscores, fractions, exponents, all supported width suffixes, and plausible invalid suffixes; it also currently reports zero acceptance mismatches. Regex-option and heredoc-opener matrices add another 120 and 16 generated cases. They enforce Crystal's i/m/x regex options and its <<-TAG / <<-'TAG' heredoc forms without accepting Ruby-only variants. Symbol and operator-context matrices add 58 and 228 cases. They cover quoted and unquoted symbol bodies plus every operator token in infix, prefix, postfix, and parenthesized positions, including implicit-dot scoping and compound assignment before local definition. Both currently report zero mismatches. The type-syntax cross-product adds 354 cases across local declarations, parameters, return types, aliases, uninitialized, and typed arrays. It gates both acceptance and the common semantic AST projection and currently reports zero acceptance, contract, shape, or unsupported-node mismatches. The collection-literal cross-product adds 192 cases across arrays, tuples, hashes, named tuples, typed collections, splats, assignments, call arguments, and nesting. It also gates acceptance plus both AST contracts and currently has zero mismatches. The call-syntax cross-product adds 153 cases across explicit, command, member, global, named, splat, double-splat, block-argument, and shorthand-block calls. It gates acceptance plus both AST contracts and currently has zero mismatches.

The full suite includes lexer coverage against the installed Crystal stdlib and ported parser compatibility cases. check_parser_compat.cr parses each source file in an isolated subprocess so a parser crash cannot abort the corpus run; diagnostic-free files must also pass the recursive AST contract and reachable semantic-token checks. Pass files or directories after -- to scan another Crystal codebase, for example crystal run scripts/check_parser_compat.cr -- src.

Upstream spec parity

The stdlib scan only proves that valid files produce no diagnostics. The upstream parity checks additionally compare valid and invalid parser inputs, validate AST spans and semantic-token ownership, and verify that the lexer did not silently skip non-trivia bytes.

Capture the inputs from a disposable Crystal 1.21.0 checkout:

git clone --depth 1 --branch 1.21.0 https://github.com/crystal-lang/crystal.git /tmp/crystal-1.21-parity
git -C /tmp/crystal-1.21-parity apply "$PWD/scripts/upstream_input_trace.patch"

cd /tmp/crystal-1.21-parity
CRYSTAL_PARSER_INPUT_TRACE=/tmp/crystal-parser-inputs.b64 crystal spec spec/compiler/parser
CRYSTAL_LEXER_INPUT_TRACE=/tmp/crystal-lexer-inputs.b64 \
CRYSTAL_LEXER_ERROR_TRACE=/tmp/crystal-lexer-errors.b64 \
  crystal spec spec/compiler/lexer
cd -

crystal run scripts/check_upstream_parser_parity.cr -- /tmp/crystal-parser-inputs.b64
crystal run scripts/check_upstream_lexer_coverage.cr -- \
  /tmp/crystal-lexer-inputs.b64 /tmp/crystal-lexer-errors.b64

# Regenerate the committed native parser corpus (requires Crystal 1.21.0).
crystal run scripts/generate_upstream_parser_fixture.cr -- \
  /tmp/crystal-parser-inputs.b64 spec/fixtures/crystal_1_21_parser.jsonl \
  spec/compiler/parser

# Regenerate and verify the portable semantic AST projection oracle.
crystal run scripts/generate_upstream_ast_shape_fixture.cr
crystal run scripts/check_upstream_ast_shape.cr

# Report exact message/location parity against the committed error oracle.
crystal run scripts/report_upstream_parser_diagnostics.cr

Crystal and Facet intentionally expose different lexer token models, so the lexer check verifies total consumption, spans, unknown tokens, crashes, and non-trivia gaps rather than requiring identical token-array shapes. It also compares whether each input raises a lexer diagnostic. Three source-only cases are reported separately because the upstream result depends on mutable lexer state (slash_is_regex for / and /=) or on consuming only the heredoc opener instead of the whole input. Parser AST node classes also differ and are not required to match. Instead, both trees are normalized into a common semantic projection that compares construct shape, names, operators, child ordering, and semantic flags without imposing Crystal's AST representation on Facet. The resulting 3,437 expected projections are committed as a portable fixture and checked by the regular native spec suite.

spec/parser/ast_contract_spec.cr separately snapshots Facet's own compact contract: node kinds, child ordering, symbol/operator payloads, semantic flags, raw macro segments, source-backed literal forms, and distinct heredoc content spans. Eighteen focused golden inputs cover every node kind produced by accepted syntax, including FFI globals; only the recovery-only Error kind and currently unused Const kind are outside the accepted-tree goldens.

Current Crystal 1.21.0 parity baseline:

Surface	Upstream suite	Facet replay result
Parser	4,474 examples; 4,378 unique inputs	4,378 acceptance decisions matched; 3,437/3,437 accepted inputs match the semantic AST projection; 941/941 rejected inputs match the exact first diagnostic message and line/column; 0 invariant failures; 0 uncovered significant tokens
Lexer	708 examples; 690 unique inputs	690 fully consumed; 0 structural failures; 0 diagnostic mismatches across 687 source-reproducible inputs; 3 state-dependent cases reported separately
Macro evaluator	1,042 executed contracts	1,042/1,042 exact expansions, diagnostics, and output effects
Semantic macros	133 examples; 147 expansion events	147/147 exact-text or semantic-AST matches; 0 skipped events
Full semantic macros	3,288 examples; 2,736 unique expansion contexts	2,736/2,736 exact-text or semantic-AST-and-literal matches; all 1,077 call and 1,659 inline events covered
Semantic contracts, first slice	449 examples; 582 type/error/no-error contracts	475 exact supported contracts; all 107 deferred contracts classified by reason
Facet native suite	—	12,735 examples passing; all 4,378 upstream parser inputs committed locally; all 3,437 accepted trees pass both the recursive native contract and semantic projection oracle
Crystal stdlib corpus	1,625 source files	1,625 clean; 0 diagnostics; 0 AST integrity errors; 0 crashes

Raw example counts are not one-to-one coverage measures: Crystal helpers often exercise multiple inputs inside one example, and Facet's compact token and AST models intentionally differ. The replay results are the stronger parity signal because they execute every unique upstream input and include invalid syntax, diagnostic presence, span invariants, and anti-skip token retention checks.

Native input and first-diagnostic coverage are complete for the captured Crystal 1.21 parser suite. For all 941 rejected inputs, Facet matches Crystal's exact first diagnostic message and line/column. The committed fixture gates acceptance/rejection, reachable AST graph and span integrity, node arity and child roles, payload and flag validity, absence of error nodes in accepted trees, semantic-token ownership, diagnostic span validity, and the complete first-diagnostic oracle. Accepted inputs additionally gate the common semantic projection. Significant identifiers and literals must be owned by an explicit reachable Facet payload or literal node; unreachable arena nodes, containers, and Nop cannot satisfy this check. Facet retains its own AST representation; the projection compares semantics, not node-class identity. Later recovery diagnostics after the first error are not yet part of the parity oracle.

Contributing

Open an issue or pull request at https://github.com/mikeoz32/facet. Include a focused parser/AST example and regression spec when changing syntax behavior.

Contributors

• Mike Oz - creator and maintainer